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The fifth volume in the European Public Investment Outlook series explores how Europe can drive structural transformation through strategic public investment. Reflecting on the lessons from the 2008–2020 polycrisis and recent economic challenges, this timely book examines fiscal policy's role in both stabilization and long-term economic development.

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The fifth volume in the European Public Investment Outlook series explores how Europe can drive structural transformation through strategic public investment. Reflecting on the lessons from the 2008–2020 polycrisis and recent economic challenges, this timely book examines fiscal policy's role in both stabilization and long-term economic development.

Part I, ‘State of the Art’, reviews current public investment and industrial policies in major European economies, including France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. It provides detailed analyses of each country's approach to fostering structural transformation through public investment.

Part II, ‘Challenges’, addresses the diverse obstacles and opportunities facing Europe’s industrial policy. It emphasizes a multidimensional strategy to overcome bottlenecks in key sectors and drive transformation. Topics include the role of industrial policy in the green transition, creating a cohesive strategy for Europe, enhancing economic security, trends in European Union defence spending, sustainable mobility, and financing structural investment beyond 2027.

This volume is essential reading for researchers, economists, and policymakers focused on understanding and implementing effective public policy in Europe, and will further appeal to anyone interested in EU governance and public investment strategies more broadly.

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Floriana Cerniglia is a Full Professor of Economics at Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Milan) and Director of CRANEC (Centro di ricerche in analisi economica e sviluppo economico internazionale). She is the Co-Editor-in-Chief of Economia Politica (Journal of Analytical and Institutional Economics). She received her PhD from the University of Warwick (UK) and her research interests are in public economics and in macroeconomic policies. She has published in leading international journals and she has coordinated and participated in a number of peer-reviewed research projects.

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Francesco Saraceno is Deputy Department Director at OFCE, the research centre in economics at Sciences Po in Paris, and Professor of Practice at LEAP-Luiss, Rome. He holds PhDs in Economics from Columbia University and the Sapienza University of Rome. His research focuses on the relationship between inequality, macroeconomic performance, and European macroeconomic policies. From 2000 to 2002 he was a member of the Council of Economic Advisors for the Italian Prime Minister’s Office. He teaches international and European macroeconomics at Sciences Po, where he manages the Economics concentration of the Master’s in European Affairs, and in Rome (Luiss). He is Academic Director of the Sciences Po-Northwestern European Affairs Program. He advises the International Labour Organization (ILO) on macroeconomic policies for employment and participates in IMF training programmes on fiscal policy.

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Public Investment and Industrial Policy: A Case for More European Union Coordination", "title": "1. Public Investment and Industrial Policy", "subtitle": "A Case for More European Union Coordination", "canonical": true } ], "abstracts": [ { "abstractId": "77796cbd-ee5c-4edb-b64f-c5bfe03c077b", "workId": "5135affa-536b-4fbc-9b44-1ef0688fed97", "content": "

Europe needs more investment. Speeding up the climate transition and relaunching EU innovation capabilities require special efforts. Coupled with strategic autonomy and the need to secure stable and clean energy sources, these issues highlight the increasing importance of European public goods (EPGs) and policies that extend beyond national boundaries, as they involve externalities and network effects. However, Europe’s current institutional structure and mechanisms may struggle to meet this challenge. This essay examines public investment trends in the EU, arguing that while public investments have increased, greater coordination and coherence are needed. Three critical axes are identified: the provision of EPGs, policy coordination at national levels, and sufficient funding. Improving the coordination of public investment, particularly in research and development (R&D) and the climate transition, is key to unlocking Europe’s full potential. This chapter emphasizes the importance of initiatives like Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEIs) in fostering collaboration across countries and sectors, but argues for expanded and more integrated efforts moving forward.

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Andrea Brasili is a Senior Economist at the EIB (Luxembourg) where his research interests are both micro (firm level) data analysis and macroeconomic developments, in particular those related to fiscal policy. He received his PhD in Public Economics from the University of Pavia (Italy). Before joining the EIB, he worked in the private sector (in Italian banks and asset management companies) as a research economist, whilst still collaborating with academia.

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Tuna Dökmeci is a PhD candidate in Economics at European University Institute (Italy), and a trainee at the EIB (Luxembourg). Her research focuses on industrial policy, industrial organization, and competition policy.

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Atanas Kolev is Principal Advisor at the Economics Department of the EIB. He has worked on a wide range of topics related to investment and investment financing at the firm-, sector-, and economy-wide levels. He has been an organiser and contributor to the annual economics conference of the EIB on topics like economic and social cohesion, investment in the energy sector, adaptation to climate change, public investment, and infrastructure investment. Atanas Kolev is currently a coordinator, reviewer, and economics editor for the EIB Annual Investment Report. He holds an Economics PhD from Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

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Debora Revoltella has been Director of the Economics Department of the European Investment Bank since April 2011. The Department comprises thirty economists and provides economic analysis and studies to support the bank in defining its policies and strategies. Before joining the EIB, Debora worked for many years at CESEE, was head of the research department in COMIT, and later worked as Chief Economist for CESEE in UniCredit. Debora holds a PhD in Economics and has also worked as Adjunct Professor at Bocconi University. She is a member of the Steering Committees of the Vienna Initiative and CompNet, an alternate member of the Board of the Joint Vienna Institute, and a member of the boards of SUERF and the Euro 50 Group.

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Jochen Schantz is Senior Economist at the European Investment Bank. After completing a PhD in game theory at the European University Institute, he worked at Lehman Brothers, the Bank of England, and the Bank for International Settlements on monetary and financial stability. At the European Investment Bank, he focuses on public investment and human capital.

", "canonical": true, "localeCode": "EN" } ], "contributionOrdinal": 5, "contributor": { "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7006-7740", "website": null }, "affiliations": [ { "position": "Senior Economist", "affiliationOrdinal": 1, "institution": { "institutionName": "European Investment Bank", "ror": "https://ror.org/03zxry661" } } ] }, { "contributionType": "AUTHOR", "firstName": "Annamaria", "lastName": "Tueske", "fullName": "Annamaria Tueske", "biographies": [ { "biographyId": "2bff3649-7e1a-4e5a-888a-b1aeecccf551", "contributionId": "ce6405d2-7856-4586-86be-00d6aa697d22", "content": "

Annamaria Tueske is an Economist at the Economics Department of the EIB. Her current work focuses on public investment, climate and energy economics and sustainable finance. Prior to joining the EIB, Annamaria worked at the University of Luxembourg, at the OECD and at the Fiscal Council of Hungary. Her academic training focused on industrial organization, networks, and transport economics, she graduated from the Toulouse School of Economics.

", "canonical": true, "localeCode": "EN" } ], "contributionOrdinal": 6, "contributor": { "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7544-0400", "website": null }, "affiliations": [ { "position": "Economist at the Economics Department", "affiliationOrdinal": 1, "institution": { "institutionName": "European Investment Bank", "ror": "https://ror.org/03zxry661" } } ] }, { "contributionType": "AUTHOR", "firstName": "Wouter", "lastName": "Van Der Wielen", "fullName": "Wouter Van Der Wielen", "biographies": [ { "biographyId": "e107f982-9400-45b5-ba6a-8ed44578ed91", "contributionId": "703f20a7-9c0d-4ce1-8d4b-80c75be9b698", "content": "

Wouter Van Der Wielen is an Economist in the Economics Department of the European Investment Bank (EIB). He is responsible for impact studies of public and private sector policy support schemes and contributes macroeconomic analyses to the EIB’s f lagship publications, such as the EIB Investment Report. Prior to joining the EIB, he worked as an economic analyst at the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, where he was principally responsible for the research developing macro-fiscal models accounting for output and employment effects of fiscal reforms. His main areas of expertise are macroeconomics, fiscal policy and labour economics. He holds a PhD in Economics as well as an MSc of Advanced Studies in Economics from KU Leuven.

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(2024) “Which European Public Goods?”, IPOL | Economic Governance and EMU Scrutiny Unit, March, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2024/755722/IPOL_IDA(2024)755722_EN.pdf ", "issn": null, "isbn": null, "journalTitle": null, "articleTitle": null, "seriesTitle": null, "volumeTitle": null, "edition": null, "author": null, "volume": null, "issue": null, "firstPage": null, "componentNumber": null, "standardDesignator": null, "standardsBodyName": null, "standardsBodyAcronym": null, "publicationDate": null, "retrievalDate": null }, { "referenceOrdinal": 14, "doi": null, "unstructuredCitation": "Von der Leyen, U. (2024) “Statement at the European Parliament Plenary by President Ursula von der Leyen, Candidate for a Second Mandate 2024–2029”, European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ov/STATEMENT_24_3871 ", "issn": null, "isbn": null, "journalTitle": null, "articleTitle": null, "seriesTitle": null, "volumeTitle": null, "edition": null, "author": null, "volume": null, "issue": null, "firstPage": null, "componentNumber": null, "standardDesignator": null, "standardsBodyName": null, "standardsBodyAcronym": null, "publicationDate": null, "retrievalDate": null } ] } }, { "relationType": "HAS_CHILD", "relationOrdinal": 4, "relatedWork": { "edition": null, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.11647/obp.0434.03", "publicationDate": "2024-12-11", "withdrawnDate": null, "workStatus": "ACTIVE", "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/", "copyrightHolder": "Vincent Charlet; Mathieu Plane; Francesco Saraceno", "generalNote": null, "place": "Cambridge, UK", "firstPage": "31", "lastPage": "44", "pageCount": 14, "pageInterval": "31–44", "landingPage": "https://www.openbookpublishers.com/books/10.11647/obp.0434/chapters/10.11647/obp.0434.03", "titles": [ { "titleId": "ee77ebc4-6d79-4fd3-bf9a-5f773b85424c", "localeCode": "EN", "fullTitle": "2. Public Investment and Industrial Policy in France", "title": "2. Public Investment and Industrial Policy in France", "subtitle": null, "canonical": true } ], "abstracts": [ { "abstractId": "f1df815f-86ad-43c0-8f46-b935a7025475", "workId": "9fd256fd-5aa3-48fc-ba8f-b5664471f866", "content": "

This chapter first traces the long-term evolution of public investment in France, noting how this is mostly channelled through local governments and how, while comparatively high with respect to other advanced economies, the public capital stock and the general government net wealth have been steadily decreasing since the Global Financial Crisis of 2008. After the COVID-19 shock, despite the 2021 “Plan de Relance” and the 2022 “Build the France of 2030” program, public investment has remained surprisingly flat. The chapter then discusses the recent evolutions in French industrial policy objectives. The Lisbon Strategy was centred on boosting productivity through innovation and climbing the value added ladder. The response to the crisis of 2008 marks a first change, with a strong emphasis on price competitiveness and cost reduction (including through corporate tax reduction). Since the early days of the pandemics, then, the notion of “industrial sovereignty” has very quickly eclipsed that of competitiveness, with policies aimed at reindustrialization especially in strategic sectors. The chapter concludes that these frequent changes indicate an excessive short-term focus among French policy makers, incompatible with managing long-term structural transformation.

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Vincent Charlet is the Executive Director of La Fabrique de l’industrie, a think tank he contributed to launch in 2011. Supported by the French manufacturers’ associations, co-chaired by Louis Gallois (former president of Stellantis, former CEO of Airbus Group) and Pierre-André de Chalendar (former CEO of Saint-Gobain), La Fabrique de l’industrie publishes robust studies on the performance, transformations, and assets of industrial companies and on the professional trajectories of their employees. After training as an engineer, Vincent Charlet devoted himself to the analysis of public systems and the management of change. He first participated in initiatives aimed at renovating the research and innovation system in France (evaluation, construction of indicators, foresight). He notably led the FutuRIS project, a prospective operation supported equally by major private R&D players, public research establishments. and the State, from 2006 to 2011.

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Mathieu Plane is a Deputy Director of the Analysis and Forecasting Department at the OFCE Research Center in Economics, Sciences Po, Paris. He is in charge of economic forecasts for the French economy and works on economic policy issues. He teaches at Sciences Po, Paris and at the University of Paris Pantheon-Sorbonne. He was, in 2013–2014, economic advisor to the Ministers of Economy, Industry, and the Digital Sector. He has recently published, in collaboration with other authors of OFCE, 25 Years of Monetary Union: The Eurozone through Its Crises; Growth Up Against Fiscal Recovery: Economic Outlook for the French Economy 2024–2025, and French Economy 2025 by Éditions La Découverte, Repères collection.

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Francesco Saraceno is Deputy Department Director at OFCE, the research centre in economics at Sciences Po in Paris, and Professor of Practice at LEAP-Luiss, Rome. He holds PhDs in Economics from Columbia University and the Sapienza University of Rome. His research focuses on the relationship between inequality, macroeconomic performance, and European macroeconomic policies. From 2000 to 2002 he was a member of the Council of Economic Advisors for the Italian Prime Minister’s Office. He teaches international and European macroeconomics at Sciences Po, where he manages the Economics concentration of the Master’s in European Affairs, and in Rome (Luiss). He is Academic Director of the Sciences Po-Northwestern European Affairs Program. He advises the International Labour Organization (ILO) on macroeconomic policies for employment and participates in IMF training programmes on fiscal policy.

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Saraceno (2024) “Sailing in All Weather Conditions the Next 25 Years: Challenges for the Euro”, Paper Prepared for the European Parliament ECON Committee Monetary Dialogue, February.", "issn": null, "isbn": null, "journalTitle": null, "articleTitle": null, "seriesTitle": null, "volumeTitle": null, "edition": null, "author": null, "volume": null, "issue": null, "firstPage": null, "componentNumber": null, "standardDesignator": null, "standardsBodyName": null, "standardsBodyAcronym": null, "publicationDate": null, "retrievalDate": null }, { "referenceOrdinal": 2, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.11647/obp.0222.01", "unstructuredCitation": "Bubbico, R. L., P. B. Brutscher, and D. Revoltella (2020) “Europe Needs More Public Investment”, in F. Cerniglia and F. Saraceno (eds), A European Public Investment Outlook. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, pp. 17–32, https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0222.01", "issn": "2399-6668", "isbn": "978-1-800-64011-5", "journalTitle": null, "articleTitle": "1. Europe Needs More Public Investment", "seriesTitle": "Open Reports Series", "volumeTitle": "A European Public Investment Outlook", "edition": 1, "author": "Bubbico, Rocco Luigi; Brutscher, Philipp-Bastian; Revoltella, Debora", "volume": null, "issue": null, "firstPage": "17", "componentNumber": null, "standardDesignator": null, "standardsBodyName": null, "standardsBodyAcronym": null, "publicationDate": "2020-06-12", "retrievalDate": null }, { "referenceOrdinal": 3, "doi": null, "unstructuredCitation": "Charlet, V. (2024) Ce que l’industrie attend des banques. Paris: Presses des Mines.", "issn": null, "isbn": null, "journalTitle": null, "articleTitle": null, "seriesTitle": null, "volumeTitle": null, "edition": null, "author": null, "volume": null, "issue": null, "firstPage": null, "componentNumber": null, "standardDesignator": null, "standardsBodyName": null, "standardsBodyAcronym": null, "publicationDate": null, "retrievalDate": null }, { "referenceOrdinal": 4, "doi": null, "unstructuredCitation": "European Commission (2023) “EU Budget: Commission Proposes Strategic Technologies for Europe Platform (STEP) to Support European Leadership on Critical Technologies”, European Commission.", "issn": null, "isbn": null, "journalTitle": null, "articleTitle": null, "seriesTitle": null, "volumeTitle": null, "edition": null, "author": null, "volume": null, "issue": null, "firstPage": null, "componentNumber": null, "standardDesignator": null, "standardsBodyName": null, "standardsBodyAcronym": null, "publicationDate": null, "retrievalDate": null }, { "referenceOrdinal": 5, "doi": null, "unstructuredCitation": "Pisani-Ferry, J., and S. Mahfouz (2023) “Les Incidences Économiques de l’action Pour Le Climat”, May 22, France Strategie, Rapport à La Première Ministre, https://www.strategie.gouv.fr/publications/incidences-economiques-de-laction-climat ", "issn": null, "isbn": null, "journalTitle": null, "articleTitle": null, "seriesTitle": null, "volumeTitle": null, "edition": null, "author": null, "volume": null, "issue": null, "firstPage": null, "componentNumber": null, "standardDesignator": null, "standardsBodyName": null, "standardsBodyAcronym": null, "publicationDate": null, "retrievalDate": null }, { "referenceOrdinal": 6, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.11647/obp.0280.02", "unstructuredCitation": "Plane, M., and F. Saraceno (2021) “From Fiscal Consolidation to the Plan de Relance’, in F. Cerniglia et al. (eds), The Great Reset―2021 European Public Investment Outlook. 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(2022) “State of the Union”, 14 September, European Commission, https://state-of-the-union.ec.europa.eu/state-union-2022_en", "issn": null, "isbn": null, "journalTitle": null, "articleTitle": null, "seriesTitle": null, "volumeTitle": null, "edition": null, "author": null, "volume": null, "issue": null, "firstPage": null, "componentNumber": null, "standardDesignator": null, "standardsBodyName": null, "standardsBodyAcronym": null, "publicationDate": null, "retrievalDate": null }, { "referenceOrdinal": 8, "doi": null, "unstructuredCitation": "White House (2023) Building a Clean Energy Economy: A Guidebook to the Inflation Reduction Act’s Investments in Clean Energy and Climate Action. 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In recent quarters, German public investment has increased slightly in real terms. However, this development is driven largely by special effects such as the reclassification of public transport companies and increased military spending. Additional investment needs are estimated to be as high as 1.4% of GDP, and cannot be met without a substantial reform of the debt brake. Economists have recently come up with numerous reform proposals, but there is still no political majority for a reform. While European fiscal rules do not require much f iscal tightening in Germany, they do constrain the use of credit to finance the necessary additional public investment. Instead of a big push, the more likely scenario is continued incremental progress, or “muddling through”.

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Katja Rietzler is Head of the Unit of Fiscal Policy at the Macroeconomic Policy Institute (IMK), part of the Hans-Böckler Foundation. She holds a PhD from the Freie Universität, Berlin. Among other topics, her research focuses on fiscal issues of the municipalities, the German tax-system, public investment needs, and fiscal rules. In addition, she is a member of the IMK’s modelling team. As an expert she regularly participates in parliamentary hearings on issues such as tax legislation, annual budgets, or the debt brake and its implementation.

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Andrew Watt is General Director, European Trade Union Institute (ETUI), and former Head of the Unit of European Economic Policy at the Macroeconomic Policy Institute (IMK), part of the Hans-Böckler Foundation. He holds a PhD from the University of Hamburg. His main research fields are European economic and employment policy and comparative political economy, with a particular interest in the interaction between wage-setting and macroeconomic policy. Recent work has focused on reform of the economic governance of the euro area, emphasizing the need to coordinate monetary, fiscal, and wage policy in order to achieve balanced growth and favourable employment outcomes. He has served as advisor to numerous European and national institutions, including the European.

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Rietzler (2020) “For a Sound Fiscal Policy: Enabling Public Investment”, IMK Report 152e, March, https://www.imk-boeckler.de/fpdf/HBS-007619/p_imk_report_152e_2020.pdf", "issn": null, "isbn": null, "journalTitle": null, "articleTitle": null, "seriesTitle": null, "volumeTitle": null, "edition": null, "author": null, "volume": null, "issue": null, "firstPage": null, "componentNumber": null, "standardDesignator": null, "standardsBodyName": null, "standardsBodyAcronym": null, "publicationDate": null, "retrievalDate": null }, { "referenceOrdinal": 2, "doi": null, "unstructuredCitation": "Braun, H. (2021). “Das ist der Plan für Deutschland nach Corona”, Handelsblatt, January 26, https://www.handelsblatt.com/meinung/gastbeitraege/gastkommentar-das-ist-der-plan-fuer-deutschland-nach-corona/26850508.html ", "issn": null, "isbn": null, "journalTitle": null, "articleTitle": null, "seriesTitle": null, "volumeTitle": null, "edition": null, "author": null, "volume": null, "issue": null, "firstPage": null, "componentNumber": null, "standardDesignator": null, "standardsBodyName": null, "standardsBodyAcronym": null, "publicationDate": null, "retrievalDate": null }, { "referenceOrdinal": 3, "doi": null, "unstructuredCitation": "Bundesministerium der Finanzen, BMF (2024a) “Vorläufiger Abschluss des Bundeshaushalts 2023”, Monatsbericht des BMF, January, https://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/Monatsberichte/2024/01/Inhalte/Kapitel-3-Analysen/3-2-vorlaeufiger-abschluss-bundeshaushalt-2023.html ", "issn": null, "isbn": null, "journalTitle": null, "articleTitle": null, "seriesTitle": null, "volumeTitle": null, "edition": null, "author": null, "volume": null, "issue": null, "firstPage": null, "componentNumber": null, "standardDesignator": null, "standardsBodyName": null, "standardsBodyAcronym": null, "publicationDate": null, "retrievalDate": null }, { "referenceOrdinal": 4, "doi": null, "unstructuredCitation": "Bundesministerium der Finanzen, BMF (2024b) “Abweichungen des Ergebnisses der Steuerschätzung Oktober 2024 vom Ergebnis der Steuerschätzung Mai 2024 ”, Anlage 2 zu Pressemitteilung 15 des BMF, https://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/Content/DE/Downloads/Steuern/ergebnis-167-steuerschaetzung-02.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=6 ", "issn": null, "isbn": null, "journalTitle": null, "articleTitle": null, "seriesTitle": null, "volumeTitle": null, "edition": null, "author": null, "volume": null, "issue": null, "firstPage": null, "componentNumber": null, "standardDesignator": null, "standardsBodyName": null, "standardsBodyAcronym": null, "publicationDate": null, "retrievalDate": null }, { "referenceOrdinal": 5, "doi": null, "unstructuredCitation": "Bundesrechnungshof (2023) “Bericht nach § 88 Absatz 2 BHO an das Bundesministerium der Finanzen zur Steuerung und Kontrolle der Umsetzung des Deutschen Aufbau- und Resilienzplans”, Bonn, December 8, https://www.bundesrechnungshof.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Berichte/2024/umsetzung-darp-volltext.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3", "issn": null, "isbn": null, "journalTitle": null, "articleTitle": null, "seriesTitle": null, "volumeTitle": null, "edition": null, "author": null, "volume": null, "issue": null, "firstPage": null, "componentNumber": null, "standardDesignator": null, "standardsBodyName": null, "standardsBodyAcronym": null, "publicationDate": null, "retrievalDate": null }, { "referenceOrdinal": 6, "doi": null, "unstructuredCitation": "Darvas, Z., L. Welslau, and J. Zettelmeyer (2024) “The Implications of the European Union’s New Fiscal Rules”, Policy Brief 10/24, https://www.bruegel.org/system/files/2024-07/PB 10 2024.pdf ", "issn": null, "isbn": null, "journalTitle": null, "articleTitle": null, "seriesTitle": null, "volumeTitle": null, "edition": null, "author": null, "volume": null, "issue": null, "firstPage": null, "componentNumber": null, "standardDesignator": null, "standardsBodyName": null, "standardsBodyAcronym": null, "publicationDate": null, "retrievalDate": null }, { "referenceOrdinal": 7, "doi": null, "unstructuredCitation": "Dullien, S., T. Bauermann, L. Endres, A. Herzog-Stein, K. Rietzler, and S. Tober (2024a) “Schuldenbremse reformieren, Transformation beschleunigen. 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Italy, NRRP, and Industrial Policy", "title": "4. Italy, NRRP, and Industrial Policy", "subtitle": null, "canonical": true } ], "abstracts": [ { "abstractId": "274079d3-c37f-4089-a9b1-6d353e7c1fc4", "workId": "f0f1eb12-faeb-49f4-86f7-cb5ecc9c97d7", "content": "

This chapter assesses the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) as an industrial policy tool within the Next Generation EU framework, despite limited explicit reference to an industrial strategy. The NRRP emerges during a unique moment for the European Union (EU), characterized by the suspension of the Stability and Growth Pact and the relaxation of state aid restrictions, which have collectively expanded public intervention opportunities. This marks a significant shift from the post-1990s ideological emphasis on competition over state involvement, particularly in Italy, where reductions in capital expenditure since 2009 have constrained public infrastructure and private investment. This chapter delves into the current landscape highlighting the potential for a more effective approach to industrial strategy using public investment. By focusing on “Mission 1” (Competitiveness) and “Mission 4” (Education and Research), the chapter aims to elucidate the NRRP’s industrial policy direction including reinforcing the special economic zones (SEZs) established in 2017.

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Giovanni Barbieri is a Research Fellow at CRANEC at Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. He holds a PhD in Institutions and Policies (2017, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano). He was previously Adjunct Professor of History of International and Commercial Institutions at the University of Palermo (DEMS) and Visiting Scholar at Scuola Normale’s ‘Istituto Ciampi’ in Florence (2022). His main expertises are International Relations Theory and International Political Economy (IPE).

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Floriana Cerniglia is a Full Professor of Economics at Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Milan) and Director of CRANEC (Centro di ricerche in analisi economica e sviluppo economico internazionale). She is the Co-Editor-in-Chief of Economia Politica (Journal of Analytical and Institutional Economics). She received her PhD from the University of Warwick (UK) and her research interests are in public economics and in macroeconomic policies. She has published in leading international journals and she has coordinated and participated in a number of peer-reviewed research projects.

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Franco Mosconi is the Jean Monnet Professor of Industrial Economics at the University of Parma. He is a columnist for the Corriere di Bologna, the Bologna-based daily newspaper of Corriere della Sera. His research areas include European industrial policy and Industrial districts and clusters, topics on which he has extensively published in both national and international literature.

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Public Investment and Structural Transformation in Spain", "title": "5. Public Investment and Structural Transformation in Spain", "subtitle": null, "canonical": true } ], "abstracts": [ { "abstractId": "316ff547-c299-4b9b-b04d-d5b9387637a2", "workId": "f6522971-cc4b-40f5-a61d-e4df8d4ce91a", "content": "

During the decade of 2010–2019, public investment experienced a profound decline in Spain, because of the fiscal austerity policies implemented during the Great Recession. Even with the recovery of economic growth starting in 2015, public investment did not improve and the net capital stock decreased. The COVID-19 pandemic introduced an important change in trend, with a general turnaround in fiscal policies accompanying the disbursement of Next Generation EU funds. These European Union funds will allow the implementation of an industrial transformation strategy focused on key specific sectors with high pulling power and strong multiplier effects.

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Ignacio Alvarez was the Secretary of State for Social Rights of the Government of Spain between January 2020 and November 2023. He holds a PhD in International Economics from the University Complutense of Madrid. He is currently Associate Professor of Applied Economics at the Autonomous University of Madrid. He has also worked as a Research Associate at the Complutense Institute of International Studies (ICEI), Visiting Professor of Labor Economics at the Spanish National University of Distance Education (UNED) and Assistant Professor at the University of Valladolid. He has been visiting researcher at the University Paris VII-Denis Diderot, at the Lisbon School of Economics and Management and at the University of South-Eastern Norway, and has participated in several European Union research projects (“Inclusive Growth through Wage Coordination”; “Collectively Agreed Wages in the New European Economic Governance”; “Collectively Agreed Wages in Europe”), as well as in several national projects. His research currently focuses on the study of the relationship between income distribution, demand, and economic growth. His academic articles have been published, among other journals, in the Socio-Economic Review, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Review of Keynesian Economics, Work, Employment and Society, International Labour Review, and the Journal of Post Keynesian Economics.

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Jorge Uxó has a PhD in Economics by the University Complutense of Madrid. He is currently Associate Professor of Applied Economics at the Complutense University of Madrid and Vice-President of the Spanish Productivity Board. He has been visiting researcher at the University of Coimbra (Centre for Social Studies), University of Alcalá and the European Trade Union Institute (ETUI) and has participated in European Union and national research projects, mainly focused on Macroeconomics and Economic Policy in Spain and the EMU and Post Keynesian Economics. His academic articles have been published, among other journals, in Cambridge Journal of Economics, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Review of Keynesian Economics, Review of Political Economy, International Labour Review, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Applied Economics or Metroeconomica.

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Gorodnichenko (2012) “Fiscal Multipliers in Recession and Expansion”, NBER Working Paper 17447, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "issn": null, "isbn": null, "journalTitle": null, "articleTitle": null, "seriesTitle": null, "volumeTitle": null, "edition": null, "author": null, "volume": null, "issue": null, "firstPage": null, "componentNumber": null, "standardDesignator": null, "standardsBodyName": null, "standardsBodyAcronym": null, "publicationDate": null, "retrievalDate": null }, { "referenceOrdinal": 2, "doi": null, "unstructuredCitation": "Bouabdallah, O. Dorrucci, E. Hoendervangers, L. and Nerlich, C. 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Quintana (2023) “The Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan and its Macroeconomic Impact from a Sectoral Standpoint”, Economic Bulletin, Bank of Spain, 2023/Q1, https://repositorio.bde.es/bitstream/123456789/29539/1/be2301-art12e.pdf ", "issn": null, "isbn": null, "journalTitle": null, "articleTitle": null, "seriesTitle": null, "volumeTitle": null, "edition": null, "author": null, "volume": null, "issue": null, "firstPage": null, "componentNumber": null, "standardDesignator": null, "standardsBodyName": null, "standardsBodyAcronym": null, "publicationDate": null, "retrievalDate": null }, { "referenceOrdinal": 8, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12241", "unstructuredCitation": "Gechert, S., and A. Rannenberg (2018) “Which Fiscal Multipliers Are Regime‐Dependent? 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A New Industrial Policy as the Key to the Green Transition", "title": "6. A New Industrial Policy as the Key to the Green Transition", "subtitle": null, "canonical": true } ], "abstracts": [ { "abstractId": "35c9105f-ffb2-4de2-aacc-d1e76e158ea2", "workId": "d02a2d34-5c2d-40ca-b5cc-5b29f6f1fb91", "content": "

The world is changing quickly. The former Soviet Union is gone and its successor, Russia, is seeking to reclaim parts of Soviet territory using military force. The United States (US) as a sole remaining superpower cannot take the lead, due to populism, failed democracy, and a lack of resilience. China is on the rise, but autocratic, longing for resources and facing a declining population. Europe is less dynamic and innovative, not yet seen as unified with common goals. New middle powers are gaining shares in production, but are themselves very different. The problems the world faces are changing: peace is no longer guaranteed, global warming is accelerating, poverty is on the decline but re emerging in other ways, and migration policy is becoming more and more important. The green transition may be an engine of change and new dynamics, but there are also many backlashes. In this situation, a new industrial policy is needed—one very different from that of the past. We begin by describing the past policy as an isolated policy, along with the questions of whether such a policy is needed in a capitalistic economy and whether it should focus on “important sectors” (the sectoral or French approach) or “important activities” (the horizonal or German approach). We then turn to the increasing importance of international exports/ investments and the necessity for a green transition, but also new forms of protectionism and backlashes. This chapter builds on Aiginger and Rodrik (2020) with respect to “industrial policy for the 21st century”, as well as on Aiginger and Ketels (2024) for its “reloading” after the most recent changes in the policy environment.

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Karl Aiginger was born in Vienna on October 23, 1948. He is director of the Policy Crossover Center: Vienna—Europe (www.euiopaplattform.at). He is Professor at the Vienna University of Economics and Business and is an Honorary Professor at the University of Linz. He is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade (JICT). He has been the Director of the Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO) from 2005 to 2016 and Coordinator of the research project “New Dynamics for Europe: Reaping the Benefits of Socio-ecological Transition”—WWWforEurope (http://Synthesis-Report-Part-I.foreurope.eu). He had temporary commitments at Stanford University, MIT, UCLA, and at the University of Changsha (Hunan, China). His research foci are industrial economics, competitiveness, and strategies of firms, regions and countries. The Policy Crossover Center published studies on “More or Less Europe”, Europe taking the lead in responsible globalization, and a European partnership policy with the South and the East.

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A “True” Industrial Policy for Europe Is a Technology and Innovation Policy", "title": "7. A “True” Industrial Policy for Europe Is a Technology and Innovation Policy", "subtitle": null, "canonical": true } ], "abstracts": [ { "abstractId": "57837311-4985-4af5-a207-55a85cdb3a8f", "workId": "76673a29-6950-43c7-9073-41129b0aaa0c", "content": "

Since the Global Financial Crisis of 2008, the “core” European countries have been losing their competitive edge in global markets for sophisticated products such as electronics and green transportation and power technologies, while also missing out on the earlier revolution in information and communication technology (ICT). Meanwhile, the “periphery” European countries have been slowing down and, in pre-crisis years, have mostly channelled their investment into non-tradable industries, concentrating their resources in relatively lower productivity and lower skill activities. The slowdown in growth and convergence highlights the need to reignite productivity and economic dynamism. Lessons from the Asian economic miracles and Europe’s own growth experience suggest the importance of developing sophisticated sectors. The development of these sectors is riddled with both government and market failures, requiring adequate policies to tackle them. We argue that a “true” industrial policy for Europe is a technology and innovation policy (TIP) that focuses on correcting market failures to spur innovation, scale up, and support production networks in sophisticated industries across Europe while reorienting the engines of growth of “periphery” economies toward sophisticated sectors and their complex value chains. TIP’s guiding principles are a focus on global markets, competition, and a strict accountability framework, where the “hard” tools such as tariffs and subsidies may not be necessary and may be potentially counterproductive.

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Reda Cherif is a Senior Economist at the International Monetary Fund (IMF), an Affiliated Researcher at the Bennett Institute for Public Policy at the University of Cambridge, a Senior Research Advisor at the Center of Technology and Industrialization for Development (TIDE), University of Oxford, and a Fellow at the Royal Society for the Arts. He joined the IMF in 2008, as part of the Economist Program, and worked in several departments: in the Fiscal Affairs Department, where he was an economist on the Gabon program; in the Middle East and Central Asia Department, where he covered Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Bahrain; and in the African Department, where he worked in the Regional Studies Division, issuing analytical work on trade, competition and oil economies. He has published numerous articles on the energy transition, public debt dynamics, commodity exporters, development, industrial policy, growth, and innovation. His work was published in the Journal of Development Economics and World Development among others, and it was featured in the Economist, Financial Times and National Geographic. He is the co-editor, with Fuad Hasanov and Min Zhu, of Breaking the Oil Spell, a book studying economic diversification in oil exporters. Reda holds an MSc in Economics from the London School of Economics and a PhD in Economics from the University of Chicago.

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Fuad Hasanov is a Senior Economist at the International Monetary Fund (IMF), an Adjunct Professor of Economics at Georgetown University, an Affiliated Researcher at the Bennett Institute for Public Policy at the University of Cambridge, and a Senior Research Advisor at the Technology and Industrialization for Development (TIDE) Centre at the University of Oxford. Before joining the IMF in 2007, Fuad was an Assistant Professor of Economics at Oakland University in Rochester, Michigan. His recent research focuses on natural resources, growth and innovation, and industrial policy. He is the co-editor, with Reda Cherif and Min Zhu, of Breaking the Oil Spell that examines economic diversification in oil-exporting countries. Fuad received a PhD, MS, and BA in economics from the University of Texas at Austin.

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Xun Li is a Research Analyst at the International Monetary Fund (IMF). At the IMF, Xun has contributed to surveillance and policy formulation to promote sustainable economic growth in Europe. Xun holds a Master in Public Administration from Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs, specializing in renewable energy financial modeling and energy and environmental economic analysis.

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Industrial Policy and Security: The European Union and the Double Challenge: Strengthening Competitiveness and Enhancing Economic Security", "title": "8. Industrial Policy and Security", "subtitle": "The European Union and the Double Challenge: Strengthening Competitiveness and Enhancing Economic Security", "canonical": true } ], "abstracts": [ { "abstractId": "80de4fb1-f3fb-4260-b5cb-2f49f653c57e", "workId": "44f95de0-cab6-4ef9-ae9a-b413b363c693", "content": "

This chapter argues that the European Union’s (EU) dual challenge— enhancing both competitiveness and economic security—must form the core of its open strategic autonomy framework, which integrates national security considerations with economic policy. The chapter explores the vulnerabilities and strengths of the EU’s industrial and technological strategies, emphasizing the need for deeper European integration and more robust governance to meet these challenges. Central to this effort is the provision of European public goods (EPGs), such as climate policy, energy security, and technological development, which require stronger EU-level governance and financial resources. To ensure long-term resilience and relevance in a fragmented world, Europe must undertake a profound restructuring of its economic governance and enhance its strategic autonomy.

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Paolo Guerrieri is Visiting Professor at PSIA, Paris School of International Affairs, Sciences Po, Paris. He was Professor of Economics at the University of Rome “La Sapienza” and Visiting Professor at the College of Europe, Bruges (Belgium) and the USD Business School, University of San Diego, California.

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Pier Carlo Padoan who has been Italian Minister of Economy and Finance and Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic, is Chairman of UniCredit since April 2021. He is Full Professor of Economics retired at the La Sapienza University of Rome. He is currently Vice President of Istituto Affari Internazionali, Board member of the Institute of International Finance, a member of the Luiss Institute for European Analysis and Policy, and a member of the BoD and Executive Committee of ABI. In 2021 he was also appointed member of the Board of Istituto Luigi Einaudi and of the Committee for Corporate Governance of Borsa Italiana. He is currently a member of the European Financial Services Round Table, and of the Executive Committee of Assonime. In May 2022 he became Chairperson of the High Level Group on Financing Sustainability Transition, which is part of the High Level Groups on EU Policy and Innovation. He has been Deputy Secretary General and Chief Economist of OECD and Executive Director of the International Monetary Fund. He has held academic positions at the University of Rome, College of Europe (Bruges and Warsaw), Université Libre de Bruxelles, University of Urbino, Universidad de la Plata, Chulalongkorn University and University of Tokyo.

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Trends in Defence Spending in the European Union", "title": "9. Trends in Defence Spending in the European Union", "subtitle": null, "canonical": true } ], "abstracts": [ { "abstractId": "85f70528-5426-4558-944c-dbdb4c872881", "workId": "9016f035-1de8-4767-87cb-186d39266092", "content": "

After more than sixty years of peace, in 2022 Europe has faced a watershed moment in its security, which is leading to higher and more integrated defence spending in the European Union (EU). This article uses new sources of data to illustrate the evolution of defence spending in the EU and its composition. It also looks at the articulation of responsibilities for defence spending in a multi-level governance system, such as the EU. The institutional evolution of defence policy in the EU tries to build on a progressive convergence of foreign policy objectives and points towards some concentration of defence spending at the supra-national level. The key question for the future is to what extent this convergence will hold and to what extent it will be reflected in new provisions for defence in the common budget.

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Alessandra Cepparulo obtained her PhD in Political Economics at Sapienza University of Roma. She worked, as a post-doctoral researcher, at different universities in Italy and abroad and as a researcher, in several projects involving Italian national authorities and in international context. She is a Public Economist, whose research interests cover a wide set of issues: public finance and fiscal rules, forecast errors, quality of public expenditures, public investments and PPPs. She is currently working at the European Commission, DG ECFIN, in the unit responsible of fiscal policy and fiscal surveillance.

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Paolo Pasimeni is Deputy Chief Economist at the European Commission, DG Internal Market and Industry, and Senior Associate Researcher at the Brussels School of Governance of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). Specialized in international macroeconomics, his main field of expertise is the macroeconomic analysis of the single market and of the economic and monetary union (EMU). Expert on monetary, f iscal and structural policies, he has been working on the proposals for EMU reform, in particular on the design of a stabilization capacity. He has also worked on labour market analysis, as well as on the conception of the EU multi-annual budget. Personal webpage: https://brussels-school.be/team/paolo-pasimeni

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Sustainable Mobility and Industrial Policy", "title": "10. Sustainable Mobility and Industrial Policy", "subtitle": null, "canonical": true } ], "abstracts": [ { "abstractId": "b191f276-e090-49a9-a2df-07d8065fbdc8", "workId": "07e368d9-ccd4-4417-b746-adc1f93e1a66", "content": "

Focusing on the automotive industry, this chapter addresses the problem of Europe’s vulnerability (e.g., import dependency, technological backwardness in key domains) and the hypothesis of the obsolescence of its growth and production model. First, we analyze the evolution of the Sino-German relationships highlighting the emergence of two divergent trajectories: while a well-tailored combination of industrial and trade policies allowed China to become the leader in electric vehicle (EV) production, the German development model, mostly driven by the choices of key carmakers, slowed innovation, fostered fragmentation within the European Union (EU) and created the conditions for the current vulnerability. Second, we identify the key elements— i.e., increasing demand for affordable EVs, investments in infrastructure for the provision of public goods, building-up a European Directorate for Resource Security—of a European industrial policy for sustainable mobility which may help achieve the multiple goals of decarbonizing the economy, increasing resilience, and reducing inequalities between and within countries.

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Dario Guarascio is Associate Professor of Economic Policy at the Department of Economics and Law—Sapienza University of Rome—and external affiliate of the Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies in Pisa and of the National Institute for Public Policy Analysis (INAPP). Dario’s research covers economics of innovation, digitalization and labour markets, European economy, and industrial policy. He is Associate Editor of the journals Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, and Economia & Lavoro and former member of the Commissions of the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy for the reform of social security.

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Annamaria Simonazzi is Former Professor of Political Economy at La Sapienza University of Rome and Cnel Expert Advisor in the X Council. She is President of the Giacomo Brodolini Foundation, Managing Director of Economia & Lavoro and member of the editorial board of the web magazine www.inGenere.it. She has published widely on European macroeconomic issues, industrial policy, employment, welfare, and gender economics.

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An investment can be described as structural if it contributes to financing the structural transformation of the economy and thus making it sustainably competitive. Experience shows that private investments alone are not sufficient due to externalities associated with this type of investment. A mixed public and private financing method is essential and it will help to accelerate the transformation. The challenge of the next European Union (EU) Multiannual Financial Framework (“post-2027”) will be to promote the development of this f inancing method. In this respect, the European budget will have to rely on four pillars: prioritize and plan, activate expenditure, decentralize implementation and strengthen steering. It is on this basis that Europe will be able to finance its structural investments and achieve the structural transformation necessary to maintain and develop its long-term competitiveness within the framework of a new European Competitiveness Pact.

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Sophie Barbier is the Head of European Affairs at the French Caisse des Dépôts (CDC) Group. She graduated from the National School of Administration (ENA) and completed a Master’s degree in Economics from the Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan and Nanterre University. Previously, she worked at the Forecasting Department in the French Ministry for Finance and in the Asset-Liability Team in CDC. She is currently involved in the implementation of EU programs within CDC, such as the InvestEU program and the blending instrument under the Connecting Europe Facility.

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Helmut von Glasenapp studied business administration in Germany, after an apprenticeship in banking. He gained his first business experience with Treuhandanstalt, the former privatization agency in the eastern part of Germany. In 1993 he joined KfW in the Berlin office. From 1997 until 2005, he invested on behalf of KfW in Venture Capital and Private Equity Funds and managed a part of the innovation financing division of KfW Frankfurt. In 2005 he was asked to assist the European Commission as a Seconded National Expert notably to prepare an Equity Promotional Programme for SMEs. In 2007 he continued in Brussels as head of the KfW Liaison Office to the European Union before he was appointed as member of the EU Task Force for Greece of the European Commission until 2015. He joined the Brussels based Secretariat General of the European Long Term Investors Association in 2016 and was elected as ELTI Secretary General in October 2016.

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