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urn:uuid:efd4453c-0eba-4f38-b9e1-9cc0e7cbb29f 03 01 01 urn:uuid:efd4453c-0eba-4f38-b9e1-9cc0e7cbb29f 15 9781800649330 06 10.11647/OBP.0332 00 EB E101 10 Creative Commons License 02 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ 01 01 Dire Straits-Education Reforms Ideology, Vested Interests and Evidence 1 A01 Montserrat Gomendio 2 A01 José Ignacio Wert 01 eng 00 362 03 10 EDU034000 B2 Education 20 educational emergency 12 JN 04 LB2806.23 10 EDU014000 20 education reforms 12 JNF 10 EDU040000 20 education policies 12 JNK 20 comparison 12 VSK 20 policies around the world 01 06 03 00 Responding to an ‘educational emergency’ generated largely by the difficulties of implementing education reforms, this book compares education policies around the world in order to understand what works where. To address the key question of why education reforms are so difficult, the authors take into account a broad range of relevant factors, such as governance, ideology, and stakeholder conflicts of interest, and their interactions with one another. Drawing on their experiences as policymakers in the Spanish government and as governmental advisors worldwide, Montserrat Gomendio and Jose Ignacio Wert produce a publication like no other, shifting the usual Eurocentric narrative and shedding light on frequently overlooked educational policies from elsewhere. In this context, they dive deeper into details of educational failures and successes, the processes of implementation and investment priorities in different countries. They provide revealing accounts of stakeholder conflicts of interest and the challenges of implementing educational reform during a financial crisis.The authors also investigate why the evidence from international large-scale assessments (ILSAs) has, contrary to expectation, not generated improvements in most education systems. Gomendio and Wert investigate the evolution of different education systems, closely examining their advances or declines. Gomendio and Wert’s expert voices illuminate the current state of global education systems and the necessary changes to ensure long-awaited improvements. This is a revelatory and informative resource for policymakers, teachers and academics alike. 04 00 About the Authors ix Preface xi 1. The Functions and Role of Modern Education Systems: A Brief Summary 1 1.1 The Origins of Modern Education 1 1.2 The Social Function of Modern Education 5 1.3 To What Extent Do People Care about Education? 9 1.4 The Goals of Education in the Knowledge Society 11 1.5 Digitalisation: A Game Changer 13 1.6 COVID-19: An Unexpected Disruption and an Accelerator of Change 16 1.7 Why Are Reforms So Difficult? 18 2. Education and Ideology (Or Is It the Other Way Around?) 19 2.1. Ideology and Education: What Do We Mean? 19 2.2 The Role of the State as an Education Provider 21 2.3 Equity and the Function of Education: Equaliser or Enabler? 31 2.4 The Shape of Education: Architecture, Teachers, Curricula and Assessments 40 2.5 Funding of Education and Ideology 63 2.6 Conclusions 68 3. The Governance of Education Systems: How They Constrain or Facilitate the Implementation of Reforms 73 3.1 Why Governance Matters 73 3.2 The Power of Governments 74 3.3 The Dilemmas of Multi-Level States: When Power Is Shared between Different Levels of Government 80 3.4 The Process of Decentralisation: A Bumpy Road 86 3.5 Funding. Who Raises the Money and Who Spends it? 89 3.6 The Role of Stakeholders 96 3.7 A Special Case: Governance of VET Systems 106 3.8. Conclusions 114 4. ILSAs: Do They Count? 119 4.1 What Do International Metrics Measure? 119 4.2. ILSAs: What Do They Tell Us? 122 Differences between and within Countries 122 4.3. ILSAs: Trends Over Time 128 4.4. Evidence from ILSAs on Effective Policies 134 4.5. Conclusions 176 5. Does the Evidence Count? 187 5.1. What Can We Learn from Top-Performing Countries? 187 5.2. What Can We Learn from Low Performers? The Latin American Story 206 5.3. What Have Countries Learned from the PISA Shock? 214 5.4. What Can We Learn from Countries that Improve in Europe? 222 5.5. What Can We Learn from Countries where PISA Has a Huge Media Impact but No Policy Reactions? 233 5.6 Conclusions 237 6. Spain: An Inside Story 245 6.1. A Rough Start 245 6.2. Laws, Laws, Laws …. Are They Any Good? 248 6.3. An Education Reform in the Middle of a Storm 253 6.4. Aims, Policies and Impact of the Education Reform 257 6.5. Back to the Future 264 6.6. What Has Been the Role of PISA? 266 7. Education Reforms: The Interaction between Ideology, Governance, Conflicts of Interest and Evidence 269 7.1. Who Cares about Education and Why? 269 7.2. Ideological Battles: What Are They About? 270 7.3. Reform: Who Decides What, Who Funds, Who Has a Say, Who Has the Power to Block 274 7.4. International Evidence versus Conflicts of Interest: Who is David and Who is Goliath? 279 7.5. The Geography of Education Success 292 7.6. Is the World a Better Place with Data? 296 References 299 Index 331 01 00 03 02 https://books.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/obp.0332_frontcover.jpg Open Book Publishers 01 Open Book Publishers Cambridge, UK 04 01 20230214 02 WORLD 06 15 9781800649309 06 15 9781800649316 06 15 9781800649323 06 15 9781800649361 06 15 9781800649354 06 15 9781800649330 06 15 9781800649347 WORLD 09 Open Book Publishers 02 Publisher's website: web shop https://www.openbookpublishers.com/books/10.11647/OBP.0332 20 02 20230214 02 7.99 USD WORLD 09 Open Book Publishers 29 Publisher's website: download the title https://books.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/obp.0332.epub 20 02 20230214 02 7.99 USD WORLD